澳洲LPG 热水器

在澳大利亚房产房屋



我家街道没有天然气（nature gas)， 计划装LPG (大罐装煤气）， 家里的电热水器突然坏了，现在在犹豫是否需要把热水器换成LPG的即热型热水器？ LPG热水器会比电热水器省钱吗？ 安装费会不会很贵？

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万能的呀，应该有家里装LPG热水器的吧

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没人知道吗？


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别折腾了，换个用电的吧，即热型肯定没有tank的好用，除非你是孤家寡人。

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本来不想折腾了，现在的电热水器突然坏了，反正要重新换个新的热水器，现在刚好可以选电热水器还是LPG热水器，所以才犹豫

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在网上看到的对比：Continuous Flow Instant Hot Water

    vs

Traditional Hot Water Tanks

When it's time to get a new hot water system, two of the most asked questions are:

1.  “Should I get a traditional hot water tank or a tankless continuous flow system?”

2.  "What size hot water system do I need?"

Both types of heaters supply hot water but they do it in different ways.

Hot water heater sizing is best determined by peak demand.

We review the two hot water system types and compare the pros and cons of both, as well as the prices, to help you make an informed decision...

Running Out of Hot Water

running out of hot waterTraditional hot water tank heaters can only heat a certain number of litres at a time.

Residential hot water heaters are typically in the 135L to 170L range.

Off-peak electric units need to have a much larger capacity, as they have to last through the entire day.

Once all of the hot water in the tank is used up, it takes time to heat up the fresh water entering the tank.

If it runs out right in the middle of a shower, you have an uncomfortable problem.

You can finish with a cold shower or just stay soapy while you wait for the water to reheat.  Neither is a good choice.

With a continuous flow instant hot water system, the water is heated as you use it.

The unit can maintain the flow rate indefinitely.

So, you basically never run out of hot water, no matter how many people get to the shower before you.

Energy Consumption

Continuous flow gas hot water systems only needs to run when the hot water is actually required and wasteful pilot lights are a thing of the past.

On the other hand, with a hot water tank, you have to use energy to maintain the temperature of the stored water 24/7.

The technology and energy saving designs are also very different.

Energy Star Ratings

Star rating labelModern tankless continuous flow models typically have a 6 Star energy rating.

There are even 7 Star units now available.

Tankless systems are available in both natural gas and LPG models.

In contrast, most tank hot water heaters are only rated at 4 or 5 Stars.

This means both the energy consumption and the running costs will be higher.

Tank heaters are available in electric, natural gas and LPG models.

So, while we'd love to sell you more gas, we'd rather have you saving money and energy with the more efficient models.

They are also the best choice for the environment.

Size and Aesthetics

Tankless hot waterStorage tank hot water heaters are big, especially the electric off-peak models.

Even when installed outdoors, the size can get in the way, particularly with today’s smaller lot sizes.

Having this large object next to your house also does nothing for the appearance of your home.

At about the size of a small suitcase, tankless water heaters are much smaller than a traditional storage tank heater.

Mounted flush against the wall, the smaller tankless units take up less space and are also more aesthetically pleasing, as they don’t dominate the exterior appearance of your home.

CO2 Emissions

Greenhouse gas emissions are reduced through the use of tankless water heaters.

Tankless gas hot water systems produce about 75% less CO2 greenhouse gas emissions, when compared to a storage tank hot water systems powered by coal-fired electricty.

Even when compared to gas storage tank units, tankless units are more eco-friendly.

The 6 to 7 Star tankless models consume less gas and create less CO2.

Life Span

Traditional storage tank water heaters have a life span of around 10 to 12 years.

Warranties for storage tank units are typically 5 to 10 years.

Tankless hot water systems can last up to 20 years.

Warranties for tankless units are typically 10 to 12 years.

Water Quality

Water from a storage tank water heater may pick up bits of rust and scale that build up within the tank.

Since there's no tank to rust and no water stored with a tankless system, the water stays cleaner and fresher.

Speed

When you first turn on the tap, there is typically a delay in getting hot water, as the water in the pipes leading from the water heater to the tap will be cold.

Because it is kept hot, tank systems can be slightly faster in delivering the initial flow of hot water, as the tankless system takes a second or two for the unit to get up to temperature.

However, now there is a new system to eliminate the delay entirely.

The Rinnai Smartstart® Water Saver was developed to reduce water wastage whenever a hot water is turned on.

It pre-heats the water in the pipes before you turn on the hot tap.

It is part of the Rinnai Infinity range of tankless systems.

Initial Cost

In the past, there was a substantial difference in the price between tankless and storage tank hot water units.

However, the days of super cheap 3 Star storage tank units are long gone, as are their higher operating costs.

The difference has now shrunken to the point where there is almost price parity between comparably sized units.

This is especially true if you are comparing 5 Star tank units to the 6 or 7 Star tankless models.

Health & Safety

Storage tank hot water heaterWith storage tank water heaters, there is the potential for bacteria growth within the tank.

The World Health Organisation -- WHO -- recommends that stored hot water be kept at a minimum of 60°C.

Unless a minimum of 60°C is maintained, hot water tanks can be a breeding ground for Legionnaires’ disease, or Legionellosis, that is caused by a bacterium, Legionella pneumophila.

It is a respiratory disease that can cause severe pneumonia and is sometimes fatal.

However, Canadian studies have shown, even when the thermostat is set at 60°C, a high percentage -- approximately 40% -- of electric water heaters remain contaminated.

This is because of the lower temperature, of about 30°C to 40°C, at the bottom of the tank.

With tankless systems, the prevention of bacterial growth is not an issue, as there is no stored water in which bacteria can breed.

Tankless systems can also be set at 50ºC, so the risk of scalding is greatly reduced without the need of a tempering valve.

How a Tankless Water Heater Works

Schematic of continuous flow hot water heaterIn summary:

• Cold water flows into the water heater when a hot water tap is opened inside your home.

• The water flow is detected by a sensor that ignites the gas burner, to heat the water in the heat exchanger.

• The water typically follows a serpentine pattern through the heat exchanger, absorbing as much heat as possible.

• An electronic control unit modulates the gas burner to maintain a set water temperature.

• Available in LPG and natural gas models

See all the details on:

How a Tankless Hot Water Heater Works

Hot Water System Sizing?

Don't Calculate by Number of People or Bathrooms

The sizing information available is very confusing because manufacturers, and others, are trying to provide a simplified answer to a complicated question.

Some suggest that you calculate by the number of bathrooms in your home while others say to go by the number of people in your family.

Also, in many cases, their recommendations are based on the worst case scenarios, assuming higher consumption than your actual water use.

Buying Too Large Wastes Money

The result is that many people end up buying a larger system than they actually need.

This costs them extra money when they buy the hot water system and will increase the ongoing operating costs, in many instances.

Factors to Really Consider

Simultaneous use is one of the fundamental determining factors.  

The number of people in your home combined with how and when they use hot water is the key.

Do they all take showers at the same general time of day?

Do they take showers simultaneously in different bathrooms?

Do the showers have WELS 3 Star Rated Showerheads (maximum 9L/Min) or standard 18 to 25L/Min showerheads?

Do some prefer baths, which use more hot water? Is the bath or spa oversized, requiring even more hot water?

Do you run the washing machine, using hot or warm water, while people are showering?

Is your dishwasher connected to the cold or hot water? If hot, do you use it while hot water is being used elsewhere?

Showers Are the Key

Showers use the most hot water in a home.  People generally shower for 5 to 10 minutes.

Assuming you have a 3 Star shower head and you mix in some cold water with the hot, the typical hot water consumption would probably be in the 7 litres per minute range.

If you also assume an 8 minute shower, you will consume about 56 litres of hot water per shower or a family of four would consume 224 litres.

The use of WELS (Water Efficiency Labelling and Standards) 3 star rated showerheads is an important factor in saving water and energy whilst reducing the size and cost of the hot water system required.

Hot Water Tank ExampleRinnai HOTFLO 170 gas hot water system

In the above example, if all four people take their showers in the morning, you would only need a storage hot water system with 224 litre first hour capacity, regardless of how many take showers at exactly the same time.  

This all presumes that you are not using any other hot water devices at the time.  

The use of additional hot water, after the shower period, would depend on the hot water system’s recovery time required to achieve full temperature.  

So, with a larger family or house guests, a bit of scheduling may be required to avoid the need for a larger unit.

Off Peak Electric Issues

Off peak electric storage units are a completely different story.

Inasmuch as they only heat water at night, they need to be quite large to make sure you don’t run out of water during the day.

So, some of the electric savings is offset by the fact that you need to heat a larger tank.

The bigger tank would also cost more to purchase.

Tankless Hot Water Example

Bosch 21e tankless gas hot water systemFor a tankless continuous flow unit, it would depend on how many showers are being used simultaneously.

Using the example above, if it’s two showers, then you only need a unit with a minimum flow rate of 14L/min.

If you have 3 people showering at exactly the same time, you would need a minimum 21L/min.  

This does assume that you are not using other hot water devices simultaneously.

Recovery time is not an issue with continuous flow units, so even a large family with guests would not run out of hot water.

Compare Gas Hot Water Heater Systems Prices

Now you can compare prices for all the major brands of gas hot water systems including Rinnai, Bosch, Kelvinator, Rheem, Dux and AquaMAX.

Click on your category of interest to compare prices:


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我家三大两小

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请电工看了吗？电热水器一般坏的是加热环，换一个不贵也不需要很长时间。

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我家的电热水器已经用了15年了，不值得修了，还是换个新的吧，总觉得那个tank用十几年有很多沉淀，不卫生。

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那么多人，只有你回复我，把分分都加给你了

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我花费了一个上午做了些比较，只比较自己家的，原来的unit是nature gas 加电，现在的house只有电，猛然发现：LPG 比nature gas贵（一直以为同样价格），现在全用电（热水加用电，cooking不用电），大概每年用4400度电，没有off peak,  $1300-1500每年总费用。当年用nature gas 和电，也没便宜到哪去， 原来的电有offpeak, 但是大部分用电都是shoulder,所以不值得用off peak.

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从我家的例子来看，用电热水器合算（我家用80Ltank,很小但足够我们用了，一直开，没出现过洗到一半没热水现象。

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没多少人关注，但本着分享的原则，把找到的一些资料分享给大家

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Hot water running costs
Before making a decision on which hot water system to buy, talk to a retailer about the purchase and running costs, as well as government incentives that may be available.

Choosing between electric, gas and solar
Electric hot water systems are the cheapest to buy, but the most expensive to run. A solar hot water system is more expensive to buy and install, but the running costs will be significantly lower.

Gas and electricity prices are rising, so if you have a conventional gas or electric hot water system that needs replacing, consider a more efficient gas or solar system as an investment against rising costs.

The table below compares the annual running costs for various types of hot water systems for a range of households – a typical household uses around 40–50 litres of hot water
Based on energy tariffs of: natural gas (2.07 c/MJ), LPG (5.3 c/MJ), peak electricity (27.5 c/kWh), off-peak electricity (14.9 c/kWh).

*All gas hot water systems are star rated – the more stars the more energy efficient they are and the cheaper to run.

Make a Smarter Choice
Smarter Choice logo
Shop with one of our Smarter Choice retail partners to help you make informed decisions when buying a hot water system.

Find your nearest retailer to take that next step towards being a more energy efficient household.

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表格贴不上来，链接在这里http://www.sustainability.vic.gov.au/services-and-advice/households/energy-efficiency/at-home/hot-water-systems//Hot-water-running-costs

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Hot water system buying guide
Don't wait until your hot water system burns out - plan your next purchase now.
Share:     
Cold shower, anyone?

By Chris Barnes
Last updated: 10th January 2017
When a hot water system goes – with a bang, a whimper, or even a flood – it tends to go suddenly. At that point you don't have the luxury of carefully reviewing the available options, unless you love cold showers. Instead, you get a replacement of the same type wheeled in ASAP – and try to forget about it until next time. But what if you were missing out on a better product?

Hot water, on tap: our hot water reliability survey tells you the best brands for hot water systems as rated by our members.

Read on for more about the different types of hot water system and their pros and cons; choosing a brand; and choosing the right size of system for your household.

But the old one was OK; why not just get the same again?

Water heating accounts for a quarter of typical household energy use – and it can be even more. It's worth reviewing your hot water use well before your current system dies and then checking out the alternatives. You may find a hot water system (HWS) that saves energy and money and is kinder to the environment.

Also, regulations aimed at reducing energy consumption now mean a new electric storage system is not an option for many homes.

Electric or gas, solar or heat pump ... which is best for me?

The first decision you'll need to make when choosing a HWS is the heating method: electricity, gas, solar or heat pump?

Electric

An electrically heated storage tank system is usually relatively cheap to buy and install, but is usually the most expensive to run, especially if it's on the continuous (full day) rate.
Systems that run on off-peak electricity are much cheaper to run, but need a larger tank as the water heated overnight has to last you all day. And off-peak electricity isn't available to all homes.
A four-person household typically needs a 125–160L tank for a continuous system or 250–315L for off-peak.
Can be installed indoors or outdoors.
Electric instantaneous water heaters are also available.
Cost: They range in price from about $300 to $1500 (not including installation).

Gas

Natural gas is a good option if you have the connection for it. It's cheaper than electricity (though gas prices are rising) and because gas rates don't vary through the day, gas hot water systems can heat water as needed.
A four-person household needs a tank of about 135–170L. You also have the option of an instantaneous system.
Usually installed outdoors due to venting requirements, but can be installed indoors with a flue.
Have an energy efficiency star rating.
Some have a pilot light, which uses a small amount of gas. Electric ignition is more economical, but in a blackout you can lose your hot water supply.
Liquid petroleum gas (LPG) bottles are an alternative to natural gas – but expect to pay significantly more in running costs.
Cost: They range in price from about $900 to $2000 (not including installation).
Solar

Consists of solar collector panels and a storage tank. A four-person household typically needs about four square metres of solar collector area (two panels) and a 300–360L tank. You need a large tank to allow for days with less sunlight (or more hot showers than usual).
If your panels can't be installed in an ideal location, they may be less efficient and you'll need a larger collection area.
The storage tank usually has an electric or gas booster element to keep the water hot on days with less sunshine.
Comparatively expensive and time-consuming to install, but a well-chosen system will pay for itself in the long run due to very low running costs.
Government rebates and other incentives can help offset the purchase cost.
See our solar hot water buying guide for more information.
Cost: They range in price from about $2000 to $7000 (not including installation).

Heat pump

A much more efficient form of electric storage tank system that works on the same principle as a fridge or air conditioner, by extracting heat from the air and using it to heat the water tank.
Units are usually integrated (tank and compressor together) but can also be split (separate tank and compressor).
They need to be installed in a well-ventilated area – usually outdoors.
The compressor on the unit can be noisy, like the outdoor unit of an air conditioner, so you can't install them too close to a neighbouring home.
They tend to work best in warm and temperate regions, but there are models designed to work well in cold climates too, and most systems have a booster element for days of cold weather or high demand.
You'll typically need a 270–315L tank for a four-person household.
Government rebates and other incentives can help offset the purchase cost.
Cost: They range in price from about $2500 to $4000 (not including installation).

Storage tank or continuous flow ('instantaneous')?

The next decision, after heating method, is whether you go for a system with a tank, or one that heats water as needed.

Storage tank

Most electric, gas, solar and heat pump hot water systems use a tank.
Mild-steel tanks can corrode over time; maintenance every few years can help prevent this. They usually have five- to 10-year warranties.
Stainless steel tanks are more expensive, but generally last longer and don't require as much maintenance as mild-steel tanks. They usually carry a 10-year warranty, but still require occasional maintenance (such as replacement of valves and seals).
Local water quality may dictate which type is best for you; check with the installer.
Tanks are insulated, but there is always some heat loss over time, so it's good to install them in a sunny spot or in an insulated space.
Continuous flow

Also often referred to as "instantaneous", a continuous flow HWS heats only as much water as you need, when you need it. They aren't truly instantaneous - it can take a few seconds before hot water starts flowing from the tap, especially when there's a fair distance of pipe between the HWS and the tap.
Most models use gas, but electric models are available.
As there are no heat losses as with water stored in a tank, they're often cheaper to run than storage systems.
Electric models will use the full electricity tariff for whenever they are in use, so running costs may be higher than for an off-peak tank, but less than a continuous tank system.
The size you need (flow rate in litres per minute) depends more on the number of hot water outlets the heater has to serve than on the number of people in the household. As a general rule, for a two-bathroom house you need a flow rate of about 22–24 L/min. Talk to your supplier to find the right capacity for your home.
We've had a couple of members feed back about their continuous flow water heaters not turning on because of a combination of low flow showerheads and too high a trigger point for the instantaneous - which means not generating enough flow for the continuous flow to be triggered. Keep this in mind if you are considering a combination of both and confirm the trigger point required for your instantaneous choice.
Which brand is best?

We surveyed our members in 2015 about their hot water systems to find the brands they found most reliable, that they were most satisfied with, and which gave the best after-sales service. Hot water reliability survey results.

Household size and water usage

Typically, one person uses about 50L of hot water a day; more if you use your dishwasher often, take very long hot showers or often wash clothes in warm or hot water.

Get a hot water system supplier to analyse your home and usage and recommend some options. To determine the right size of system, a supplier should ask how many people live in your home, how much hot water you use, and when you use it. For example, do you all shower in the morning or evening? Do you wash clothes in hot or cold water? Get quotes from at least two suppliers.

For most households, a solar HWS can be the most efficient and cheapest to run. If that's not an option, here are other suggestions:

Small household (1-2 people): Continuous flow HWS (gas or electric) or small gas storage HWS.
Medium household (3-4): Gas systems (continuous flow or storage), or a heat pump.
Large household (5+): Multiple continuous flow HWS may be an option but gas storage units may be more economical. Large heat pumps are also an option.
Energy star ratings

Gas hot water systems have energy efficiency star rating labels; the more stars, the more efficient the water heater. This is a voluntary rating scheme, unregulated by government. The highest rating is six stars.

Minimum Energy Performance Standards (MEPS) currently apply for electric hot water storage systems. MEPS are currently under consideration for other water heater types. This will eliminate inefficient models from the market and may see star rating labels appear on all hot water systems.

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建议上LPG的热水器，安装费加热水器总共两千左右。建议买大一点的型号，水量会大很多

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谢谢，这里很多人没用过LPG，情有可原。

我用过罐装的LPG，也用过电热水器，还用过边烧边用的热水器，但没有用过边烧边用的LPG热水器。我只是想当然，觉得如果是我的话，我还是会选择电热水器，或者有太阳能加热带tank的边烧边用的热水器，我觉得没tank，家里好几口子用热水没有保障，回头还是要想办法解决，不如一次做干净，大家高高兴兴，我也省心。

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以前从没算过账，今天把家里近四五年的账单扒出来，算出来的结果： 80L电热水器（我家是装在室内的），持续加热，每年费用$400，电费（$0.17 每度电），如果用LPG 每年费用$916（当年用nature has 的用量算出来的）， 45kg LPG bottle $109, 相当于2200mj

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我倒是有一个全新的天朝带来的LPG热水器在车房铺尘

即热式热水器应该比罐储水式热水器给力，特别是大流量的，

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今天翻账单的结果还有，我家不适合用off peak, 费用更高

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off peak 还可能需要你换或加装电表，又是一笔开支。更关键的用off peak的电热水器，只有深晚会自己通电加热，其他时间就靠tank保温，要是热水用多了，温度就下来了，只有你手动按一个开关，热水器才会通电加热，当然电费就不是off peak了。

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怕天朝来的跟这里的标准不一样，安全第一安全第一

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我家原来用off peak的电只是电器，热水和煮饭都是煤气

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看所有的文章都说用电的最贵，为什么我家的用电热水器反而便宜，难道是tank最小（80L）？ 很是奇怪

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我这个是小流量的，用在奶奶房还差不多。

大房用林奈26升的话，爽！

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请问80升热水器够几口人用？就是说可以供每天洗澡多久？还有17cent是off peak电吧？我家现在是single rate的，27 cent，如果用电热水器会不会费用比较高啊？

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我家80L 两大两小，连续洗澡没问题，老房子，没有off peak

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那热水用电每月大概多少钱呢？我的电是27c/度，直接用这个接电热水器会不会电费很高啊

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我家做饭用煤气，剩下的全用电，2-5月这季度不到400刀（折扣后），感觉还可以

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