单科状元 http://www.boardofstudies.nsw.ed ... /FSTIC_2011_12.html：
2011 HSC First in Course
The Board of Studies NSW congratulates the 107 students who are celebrated by inclusion on the 2011 HSC First Place in Course list.
Students named on the First in Course list have achieved two things. They have come first in that particular HSC course and their result is in the top band.
Band 6 and band E4 for extension courses are the top bands. Students need to get 90-100 marks to be placed in band 6 or 45-50 marks for band E4.
If two or more students receive the top HSC mark, the average of the exam mark and the assessment mark – each to one decimal place – is then used to select the top student/s. In the case of extension courses, if two or more students receive equal marks then the marks awarded for other courses in the subject area are also taken into consideration
有那么多个学科，第一的都是状元，即使只有100个人学也是状元，而且无论难度如何， 不能说Construction的第一就不是第一了
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ATAR "满分" -------99.95
ATAR是由aggregate（out of 500）决定的， aggregate是最好的10个units的scaled mark(out of 50, for each unit)的和， scaled mark和每一科HSC mark和那个学科的难度决定的， HSC mark是由 平时分assessment mark 和 考试分 exam mark平均得到的。 （注意这个考试分，也不是卷面分，而是经过处理的）
^我自己都绕糊涂了。。。
这个表 http://www.matrixeducation.com.au/atar/atar-calculator.html 是根据2009年数据， 99.95ATAR需要的最低aggregate，以及平均每科的分数以及percentile
我只选了几个普遍的学科作为例子
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Contents
1.What is scaling?
2.What are Raw Exam Marks?
3.What do we mean by "Scaled up" and "Scaled down"?
4.Scaling and Aligning are different
5.Why are some subject scaled higher than others?
6.How does scaling affect me?
7.What is a scaled mean?
8.How is my ATAR calculated?
9.Summary
10.What you need to know
11.Further reading
What is scaling?
Scaling is the process by which UAC compares relative performance across different subjects. For example, an aligned mark of 88 in Maths Extension 1 can not be compared to a 94 in Physics. You can't say that a 94 in Physics is "better" than an 88 in Extension 1. One subject might be more difficult than the other, and each subject mark are not on the same scale. The only way we can compare marks across different subjects is to have a fair process which converts marks from different subjects into marks on a common scale. Specifically, this is done by converting the Raw Examination Mark (e.g. out of 120 for the Extension 2 exam, or 80 for Extension 1) into a scaled mark out of 50 for each unit of study (so 2 unit courses have a scaled mark out of 100). The conversion process itself is complex and does not need to be understood, but for those interested, read this.
So basically scaling converts Raw Exam Marks which are uncomparable, into scaled marks which are comparable. Easy.
What are Raw Exam Marks?
Raw Exam Marks is the BOS term coined for the actual mark in the external exam. Different subjects' exams are marked differently and have different totals. For example, the Maths Extension 2 exam is out of 120, but the Maths Extension 1 exam is out of 80. So if you scored 67/80 for Extension 1, that is your raw exam mark. As mentioned before, this is not your HSC mark (aligned mark) because it has not been aligned yet.
What do we mean by "scaled up" and "scaled down"?
Now when we talk about whether a subject is "scaled up" or "scaled down", this refers to whether the subject's raw examination mark tends to translate to a much higher or lower scaled mark. For example, for high-scaling subjects like Extension 2, students who score a raw mark of around 65 to 70 out of 120 still manage to score a 45 / 50 scaled mark. Of course, this is a rough guess because BOS does not normally release raw marks to the public. So all else equal, higher scaled subjects are preferable because they allow lower exam marks to be equated to higher scaled marks which are used for ATAR calculation.
Scaling and Aligning are different
One thing which often confuses students is the difference between the scaling process and the aligning process. When you get your HSC, you will get what are called "aligned HSC marks" which are out of 100. These are your final HSC marks, and are totally separate to ATAR calculation. They are called aligned marks because BOS aligns the raw exam marks into performance bands. E.g. a 92 in Chemistry is by definition band 6 because it falls between 90 and 100. Aligned HSC marks have nothing to do with ATAR calculation except that they are both calculated from raw exam marks.
Why are some subjects scaled higher than others?
Technically, how difficult a subject is has no effect on how well it scales. How well a subject is scaled depends on how well its candidature does relative to your whole cohort, if your whole cohort did that subject. This is the reason why English is compulsory, because it is used as a cohort benchmark, from which all relative candidature performances are statistically compared. More specifically, the better the candidature for a particular subject does in their other subjects, the better that subject will be scaled.
Example 1: if there are exactly 3,000 people who took Maths Extension 2 for a particular year, and all 3,000 just so happens to do Physics, Chemistry and English Advanced, then the better those students do at the latter 3 subjects relative to everyone else that does those latter 3 subjects, the better Maths Extension 2 will be scaled. I therefore re-iterate, the difficulty of the subject has no effect on how well it scales.
Example 2: suppose there were 9,000 Physics students and 9,000 Chemistry students, all of whom did English Advanced. All else equal, if the Physics students scored lower than the Chemistry students in English Advanced, then Physics will be scaled lower than Chemistry. The assumption is that because Physics students didn't do as well in their other subjects as the Chemistry students, a 90 in Physics is of lower achievement than a 90 in Chemistry.
In theory, using the first example, if all 3,000 students of Extension 2 are totally hopeless at all their other subjects, then Extension 2 will experience depressingly low scaling. But there tends to be a positive correlation between difficulty of subjects and their scaling. That is, people notice that harder subjects tend to scale better. The reason for this is that students who choose harder subjects tend to do better than their peers in their other subjects. This is also the reason why some uncommon language courses with a tiny candidature of 50 or less, would sometimes have massive scaling even higher than Maths Extension 2 - because the candidature just so happened to do very well in their other subjects relative to their peers.
How does scaling affect me?
Technically speaking, scaling shouldn't affect you at all because it is the mechanism which compensates for differences in subject difficulty and candidature quality. Having said that, as the table on the right (source: UAC 2007 Scaling Report) illustrates, in 2007 you would need to be in the top 10% in Geography or Legal Studies to score a similar scaled mark as you would if you were in the top 25% for Economics. This is because scaling has determined that due to the relative performances among all candidature, the Legal Studies and Geography candidature are "less able" than the Economics candidature, hence the need to be in a higher percentile bracket in those courses to be equivalent to a lower percentile in Economics. In other words, in theory your higher percentile requirement is compensated by the fact that your peers in Geography and Legal Studies is "less able".
Now here's the thing with scaling: it's up to you what you want to do. Subjects with low scaling indicate a "less able" candidature, so getting a higher percentile in lower scaled subjects is, in theory, easier. Therefore you should always pick subjects you will be good at. There's no point choosing Maths Extension 2 if you have no talent in Maths. If you are passionate about Legal Studies and are able to score in the top 1%, that is so much better for your ATAR than doing something you're not interested in, but with better scaling, and scoring in the bottom 10%.
What is a scaled mean?
Each subject has a scaled mean. The scaled mean is, as its name suggests, the average scaled mark for that subject. The scaled mean is a number out of 50, and describes the average scaled mark per unit of study scored by the candidature of that subject. For example, in 2008, Maths Extension 1 had a scaled mean of 40, meaning the average scaled mark received by students of Extension 1 was 40/50.
Generally, the scaled mean is the most important statistic to notice because it is a measure of how high a subject scales. The higher the scaled mean for a subject, the better it scales. To give you an idea of some scaled means of common subjects, Mathematics Extension 2 had a scaled mean of 44.5 in 2008, making it the highest scaled commonly chosen subject. This has been the case since the inception of the 2001 HSC. English Advanced's scaled mean was 31.3, Chemistry's was 31.6, and Physics was 30.4 for the same. Scaled means change year to year because the relative performance of candidatures across subjects also change each year. However, judging from past data, scaled means have remainedr relatively stable, and we can expect the scaling reputations of most subjects to hold into the future.
A table of scaled means is published by the UAC in their annual Scaling Report, found in Table A3.
Note that the effects of scaling are not constant throughout the percentiles. For example, if you're at the 99th percentile (top 1%) of Maths (2 unit), an aligned mark of 98/100 equates to a scaled mark of around 94/100 (note that the raw mark % may be lower). However at the 75th percentile (top 25%), an aligned mark of 86/100 translates to a scaled mark of around 76/100. Therefore the relationship between marks and scaled marks is definitely not linear. Generally speaking, for the highly scaled subjects, if you are in the top 1% of your candidature, your scaled mark will be around 49/50 or 50/50.
How is my ATAR calculated?
Now that we've discussed scaling in fair detail, we can fully understand the steps in which to calculate ATAR.
1) Firstly, your raw HSC mark used for scaling is calculated from your Raw Examination Mark and your raw moderated school assessment mark.
The HSC mark to be scaled is the average of your Raw Examination Mark (i.e. the mark you received in the external exam) and your raw moderated school assessment mark. The latter is determined through the process known as the HSC moderation process. (We recommend that you read more on moderation if you don't know the process of how school assessment marks are treated)
This raw HSC mark will be scaled according to that particular subject's scaling for that year. The scaled mark arrived at will be out of 50 per unit of study.
2) UAC takes the best 10 units (i.e. highest scaled marks for 10 units) including at least 2 units of English and adds up all scaled marks to form an Aggregate mark out of 500.
For example, if after scaling, your scaled marks were: 92/100 for English Advanced, 93/100 for Chemistry, 93/100 for Physics, 99/100 for Maths Extension 1, 99/100 for Maths Extension 2, your aggregate would be 92 + 93 + 93 + 99 + 99 = 476 / 500, (those marks correspond to top 1% in all subjects) and your ATAR would be a perfect 99.95. Note that if you do English Extension 1 or 2, any combination of 2 or more units of English can count to your ATAR. For example, 1 unit from English Advanced, 1 unit from English Extension 2.
3) The Aggregates of the entire cohort are compared and ATARs are assigned corresponding to the percentile of each Aggregate.
The percentile position of each Aggregate score relative to the entire cohort (including those who have left school at the end of year 10) corresponds to the ATAR given to that student, after rounding to the nearest 0.05 intervals. The final adjustment process effectively accounts for how the early school leavers would have done had they continued schooling and received a ATAR. Typically each year there are 21-23 students who achieve the perfect 99.95 ATAR, followed by around 41-43 students for each 0.05 increment thereafter.
So in simple terms, if your aggregate places you in the 99.85th percentile among your entire cohort, your ATAR would be 99.85.
Summary
WOW! What a mouthful that was. Actually the entire process is not that hard to understand in principle. What makes it difficult are the mathematical details, especially those on scaling and raw-mark conversion. But basically the scaling system operates according to statistical principles and is technically fair.
What you need to know
What students and parents ought to know how to read and interpret scaled means of various subjects. This is critical information for year 10 and younger students who are about to select their subjects for year 11. Table A3 is published by the UAC in their annual scaling report (see HSC scaling statistics) and contains the most recent scaling data on all subjects. Having said that, students should do the subjects for which they have a talent for. There is no point in choosing a subject purely for its high scaling, if the student has no aptitude or interest for the subject.
来源：http://www.duxcollege.com.au/hsc-scaling-i-49.html
2011年的Table A3： http://www.uac.edu.au/documents/atar/2011_HSC_Table%20A3.pdf
[ 本帖最后由 limit-2010 于 2011-12-16 21:06 编辑 ]
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If you are in year 10 and about to choose your subjects for Preliminary and the HSC (or if you are a parent), you should carefully consider your subject choices, rather than merely choosing the highest scaled subjects.
Effects of scaling
Scaling makes some subjects more attractive than others, because they generally lead to higher ATARs. However, as explained the article on HSC scaling, subjects are scaled higher to compensate for the fact that the candidature in that subject happens to be "more able" academically, for that year. Therefore, choosing higher scaled subjects makes it harder to achieve a high rank.
The best advice we can give is to choose the subjects you are good at. That way, you have a good chance of attaining high percentiles. At the top 1% region of most subjects, the scaled mark is close to 50/50 anyway. For example, if you are a Biology genius and score in the top 1%, your scaled mark would be 45.2 in 2008, which is better than top 10% for Maths Extension 1.
There is only ONE situation where we advocate making your decision based on scaling, and that is in the case of Maths Extension 2. Our advice is that if you are at least somewhat good at maths, enrol in Maths Extension 2. The reason is that Extension 2's scaling tends to overcompensate for its higher inherent difficulty, and students invariably score scaled marks higher than what they would have had they not done Extension 2. Another benefit of Extension 2 is that it makes Maths Extension 1 count for 2 units, instead of 1, effectively doubling the Extension 1 scaling benefit, which is already extremely high.
Choosing your subjects
Choose your subjects wisely. The worst thing you can do for yourself is to choose subjects which you have no interest in. No amount of scaling can save you if your indifference to a subject causes you to score below average percentiles. For example, in 2008, if you chose Maths Extension 1 for its great scaling, but do dismally in the exams and scored in the 25th percentile, your scaled mark would be 36.8/50. Say you're passionate about Economics instead, and had you done it, you would have scored in the 90th percentile (top 10%) then your scaled mark would be 43/50, much better than your Extension 1 result. This is an extreme result, but it illustrates what could happen if you choose subjects which you have absolutely no interest in.
For the most part however, students rarely find any subject where they have absolutely NO interest in. If you "sort of" like maths, that's generally a good enough excuse to do at least Maths Extension 1, partly because it scales well. Scaling should always be a consideration in your final decision. We are just saying it should not be your ONLY consideration. For example, if you absolutely love Business Studies, but you have some talent in Maths, and you are choosing between the two, you should choose Maths (and Extension 1) over Business Studies, if your goal is to maximise ATAR.
On the other hand there are some very bright students who will do well at practically anything they do. The way ATAR calculation works is it works on rank. Everytime you consider choosing a particular subject, ask yourself this question: if I were to do this subject, would I have a good chance to score in the top 10%? Usually if students choose subjects they are genuinely interested in, this question is already answered 'yes' for all chosen subjects. However there are some students who, even if they have no interest for maths, can do well in Maths Extension 2. If you're one of those lucky few, then by all means, choose the highest scaled subjects - you are destined for a high ATAR and great things in life. But for the majority, choose subjects that you enjoy.
School considerations
An important consdieration is your school's quality of teaching in particular subjects. Different schools have different calibres of achievement in different subjects, and this is in large part to do with the quality of teaching staff they have. For example, some schools have a reputation for excellence in Maths, year after year. Does this mean that the students of that school just so happens to have an especially high aptitude for maths year after year? No. It is because that school has quality maths teachers.
One major consideration which potentially has a larger effect than scaling is the quality of your school's teaching in particular subjects. We recommend you do some research and find out past results of your school in the subjects you are considering. Are there a high proportion of Band 6s? Personally talk to the teacher(s) that will be responsible for taking the classes. Do you think they are great teachers? These are all questions which need to be considered.
Also not every school offers every subject, especially most language courses with low candidatures, or Extension 2 courses. This is one thing you will have to discuss with your teachers.
来源：http://www.duxcollege.com.au/hsc ... -subjects-i-56.html
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看来和小学一样，还是英语最重要
MX2神一样的scaling，在所有选4u的人中达到前1/4就够99.95的最低标准了
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UAI（ATAR）和Aggregate的关系几乎是线性的关系
但是ATAR越高，需要的Aggregate也增长得越快，也就是说从99.05到99.50的距离，要比从99.50到99.95的距离小
PS: 从ATAR90左右开始，越往上就需要越多的Aggregate了
[ 本帖最后由 limit-2010 于 2011-12-16 21:03 编辑 ]
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小m是爱钻研的好tx
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MARK
以后慢慢研究
多谢分享啦。。。
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顶起这个一年前的老帖，
贡献给在迷茫中的即将进入senior high的家长。
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整篇帖子，偶最欣赏这句：
“MX2神一样的scaling，在所有选4u的人中达到前1/4就够99.95的最低标准了”！！
偶的问题是：MX1需要达到前多少够99.95的最低标准？？？
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偶头都大了两圈。。。。
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偶头大了4圈, 后来明白了点，就减了1圈。
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marked. Seems very complicated.
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按图所示，top12% mx1 math 达到99.95的最低标准.
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你是指2#图。
按图所示, 怎样能知道English Ex 1达到99.95的最低标准?
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是第一个图啊，数学ex1,
percenetage 88.2%, 1-88.2%
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Yes, you are right.
我已经知道数学ex1是12%。
我只是还想知道English Ex 1的最低要求为得99.95？
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english ex1 只有1个unit，必须与其他组合，不易计算啊。
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谢谢！！
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学习
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mark
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请教楼主，
1. alignment和scaling中文应该如何翻译才好？
2. A3表格里第4栏SD是指什么意思？
3. A3表格里每一个科目为什么有两行，HSC和Scaled，我应该怎么读？
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还请教HSC的基本规则里说这两条
• at least three courses of two units value or greater;
• at least four subjects.
course和subject什么区别，中文如何准确翻译？
Subject是科目，比如English Advanced， course是课程，比如是？
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另外我突然发现那些语言类进阶科目什么的挺牛X的，比如拉丁文Latin Continuers非常highly-scaled，几乎和MX1差不多，也就比你说的神一样的MX2差一点点而已。
而那些语言类的beginner品种，scaling都很低呀。
还请教，为什么说，如果你选MX2的话，那么MX1就是2个unit了？MX1不是说只有一个unit呀？
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还请教HSC的基本规则里说这两条
• at least three courses of two units value or greater;
• at least four subjects.
course和subject什么区别，中文如何准确翻译？
Subject是科目，比如English Advanced， course是课程，比如是？
我的理解，你翻译是对的， course 是课程，比如英语。 数学ex1，ex2等都是科目，整个数学是课程。课程应该包含科目。
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只有数学的ex1,ex2是例外，如果选修数学ex2，需要且只需学习数学ex1和ex2, 数学ex1=2u,数学ex2=2u, 如果学习english ex2,
需要学习 advanced english, english ex1, english ex2. 一共3个科目， 分别是 2u, 1u, 1u.
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谢谢解释，所谓4u的数学就是这样来的吧？
除了几个语言类的，mx2 scaling排第一，mx1排第二，难怪99.95的牛人必选4U数学啊，把神一般的mx2和次神一般的mx1一网打尽啊，最高效率。
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mx2是什么？
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cosmology scalling 应该也很高( same as mx2 )，不知现在还有没有让学生学。
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