我承认,这句话让我感到很凄凉,特别是联想到澳洲类似的各种看得见和看不见的“平权措施”。
“We welcomed these immigrants precisely because they outperformed and overachieved. Yet now we are stigmatizing their children for inheriting their parents’ work ethic and faith in a good education. How self-defeating”
美国精英高校对亚裔的歧视潜规则
陈雯玲 2012年12月27日
高中毕业生将于本月末递交大学申请,并开始等待有关未来四年将会在哪里度过的消息。他们可能不会意识到的是,结果将取决于他们的种族。如果你是亚裔人士,你进入精英大学的几率几乎肯定会低于白人。
亚裔占美国总人口的5.6%,而在常春藤大学中,亚裔学生所占比例为12%至18%。但如果用客观的录取标准(成绩、考试分数、学业荣誉以及课外活动)来衡量,这些学校的亚裔学生所占比例偏低。毕竟,在主要根据考试和成绩招生的顶级公立高中,亚裔学生所占比例高达40%至70%。这些高中包括纽约市的史岱文森高中(Stuyvesant)和布朗克斯科学高中(Bronx Science)、旧金山的洛威尔(Lowell)以及弗吉尼亚州亚历山德里亚的托马斯·杰弗逊科技高中(Thomas Jefferson)。
在2009年一项针对9000多名知名大学申请者的研究中,社会学家托马斯·J·埃斯彭席德(Thomas J. Espenshade)和亚历山德里亚·沃尔顿·雷德福(Alexandria Walton Radford)发现,与学业成绩相同的亚裔学生相比,白人学生被录取的几率高出三倍。
听起来很熟悉吗?在20世纪20年代,随着高分的犹太学生开始与WASP(祖先是英国新教徒的美国人——译注)预科学校学生展开竞争,常春藤学校开始询问家庭背景,并寻求通过“性格”、“活力”、“勇敢”以及“领导力”等模糊的资格标准,来限制犹太学生录取人数。就如社会学家杰罗姆·卡拉贝尔(Jerome Karabel)在其2005年出版的有关哈佛、耶鲁和普林斯顿招生史的书中所记载的,直到20世纪60年代早期,这些非正式的犹太学生名额限制才被取消。
在20世纪20年代,人们会问:有这么多犹太学生的哈佛还是哈佛吗?如今,我们会问:有如此多亚裔学生的哈佛还是哈佛吗?耶鲁大学58%的学生是白人,18%是亚裔人。如果两者的数据颠倒,会是一场灾难吗?
就像记者丹尼尔·格尔登(Daniel Golden)在2006年出版的《招生的代价》(The Price of Admission)中所揭示的,人们更多地关注公立大学基于种族的平权措施(最高法院已经下令缩减此类措施,可能很快会完全取缔此类措施),而不太关注精英学校特别照顾捐赠者和校友(绝大多数是白人)子女的情况。
对于中产阶级和富裕的白人来说,学业优秀的亚裔美国人带来种种棘手问题,涉及特权和权力、成绩和机会。据称,一些白人家长不愿将孩子送到那些变得“过于亚裔化”的著名公立学校,担心自己的孩子会陷于孤立。许多有财力的白人纷纷把孩子送到提倡“进步”教学理念、不推行“应试教育”并提供艺术和音乐课程(但不教授钢琴、小提琴等“亚裔擅长的乐器”)的私校。同样,亚裔儿童也很难进入某些顶级私立学校。
精英大学的名额限制是真实存在的“潜规则”。西北大学的亚裔学生告诉我,他们对自己的身份感到羞耻,他们觉得自己被视作一群没有个性的书呆子和乐器演奏高手。当他们取得成功时,同学就会说这是因为他们“是亚裔人”。他们的聪明和勤奋变成了拖累。
自从1965年对移民法进行全面修订以来,美国已经从台湾、韩国和印度等地吸引了数百万受过高等教育的雄心勃勃的移民。我们正是因为这些移民的优秀表现和成就才欢迎他们。但我们现在却因为其子女继承了父母的职业道德和对优质教育的信念而歧视他们。这是何等的弄巧成拙啊。
需要说明的是,我并不寻求传播“模范少数族裔”的神话——亚裔美国人是一个多元化的群体,包括没有正当移民身份的餐厅工人、重新安置的难民,以及人们比较熟悉的医生和工程师。我也不赞同法律教授蔡美儿(Amy Chua)有害的“虎妈”陈词滥调,这种观点将亚裔儿童的成功归功于父母过多(甚至是病态)的管教,而不是个人努力,从而贬低了亚裔儿童。
一些教育专家、家长和学生担心,如果录取标准仅仅是学习成绩,由于社会经济因素和长期的考分差距,白人和亚裔人将会在精英大学中占据很大比例,而黑人和拉丁裔学生会非常少。我们仍需要实施平权措施,帮助学生比例偏少的人群,包括黑人、拉丁裔、美洲印第安人、东南亚裔美国人,以及来自所有背景的低收入家庭学生。
但对白人和亚裔中高收入家庭的孩子来说,竞争机会应该是平等的。值得指出的是,许多重点公立学校高分学生的父母是劳工阶层移民,而不是受过良好教育的专业人士。金(Kim)、辛格(Singh)和黄(Wong)等姓氏不应引起特别的审查。
我们希望让我们的精英大学录取优秀和全面发展的人才,而不只是杰出的考生。但令我担心的是,“个性”和“独特性”等标准可能得到主观和不公平的运用,对亚裔人士不利,就像当年犹太申请人遭受的限制一样。我猜测,在许多高校的招生办公室,一个入围英特尔(Intel)科技人才探索奖,同时也是致告别辞的学生代表、学校乐团首席小提琴手的白人学生会脱颖而出,被视为优秀人才,而那些具有相同简历(和社会经济背景)的亚裔美国人则不会。
我们对待这些孩子的方式将会对美国的未来产生影响。如果美国一些最知名的高等学府对高分亚裔学生设置名额限制的潜规则,我们会向所有学生传递这样一个信息:勤奋和高分可能是徒劳无益的。
陈雯玲(Carolyn Chen)是美国西北大学社会学副教授、美国亚裔研究项目主任。
本文最初发表于2012年12月20日。
翻译:许欣
OP-ED CONTRIBUTOR
Asians: Too Smart for Their Own Good?
By CAROLYN CHEN December 27, 2012
Evanston, Ill.
AT the end of this month, high school seniors will submit their college applications and begin waiting to hear where they will spend the next four years of their lives. More than they might realize, the outcome will depend on race. If you are Asian, your chances of getting into the most selective colleges and universities will almost certainly be lower than if you are white.
Asian-Americans constitute 5.6 percent of the nation’s population but 12 to 18 percent of the student body at Ivy League schools. But if judged on their merits — grades, test scores, academic honors and extracurricular activities — Asian-Americans are underrepresented at these schools. Consider that Asians make up anywhere from 40 to 70 percent of the student population at top public high schools like Stuyvesant and Bronx Science in New York City, Lowell in San Francisco and Thomas Jefferson in Alexandria, Va., where admissions are largely based on exams and grades.
In a 2009 study of more than 9,000 students who applied to selective universities, the sociologists Thomas J. Espenshade and Alexandria Walton Radford found that white students were three times more likely to be admitted than Asians with the same academic record.
Sound familiar? In the 1920s, as high-achieving Jews began to compete with WASP prep schoolers, Ivy League schools started asking about family background and sought vague qualities like “character,” “vigor,” “manliness” and “leadership” to cap Jewish enrollment. These unofficial Jewish quotas weren’t lifted until the early 1960s, as the sociologist Jerome Karabel found in his 2005 history of admissions practices at Harvard, Yale and Princeton.
In the 1920s, people asked: will Harvard still be Harvard with so many Jews? Today we ask: will Harvard still be Harvard with so many Asians? Yale’s student population is 58 percent white and 18 percent Asian. Would it be such a calamity if those numbers were reversed?
As the journalist Daniel Golden revealed in his 2006 book “The Price of Admission,” far more attention has been devoted to race-conscious affirmative action at public universities (which the Supreme Court has scaled back and might soon eliminate altogether) than to the special preferences elite universities afford to the children of (overwhelmingly white) donors and alumni.
For middle-class and affluent whites, overachieving Asian-Americans pose thorny questions about privilege and power, merit and opportunity. Some white parents have reportedly shied away from selective public schools that have become “too Asian,” fearing that their children will be outmatched. Many whites who can afford it flock to private schools that promote “progressive” educational philosophies, don’t “teach to the test” and offer programs in art and music (but not “Asian instruments,” like piano and violin). At some of these top-tier private schools, too, Asian kids find it hard to get in.
At highly selective colleges, the quotas are implicit, but very real. So are the psychological consequences. At Northwestern, Asian-American students tell me that they feel ashamed of their identity — that they feel viewed as a faceless bunch of geeks and virtuosos. When they succeed, their peers chalk it up to “being Asian.” They are too smart and hard-working for their own good.
Since the 1965 overhaul of immigration law, the United States has lured millions of highly educated, ambitious immigrants from places like Taiwan, South Korea and India. We welcomed these immigrants precisely because they outperformed and overachieved. Yet now we are stigmatizing their children for inheriting their parents’ work ethic and faith in a good education. How self-defeating.
To be clear, I do not seek to perpetuate the “model minority” myth — Asian-Americans are a diverse group, including undocumented restaurant workers and resettled refugees as well as the more familiar doctors and engineers. Nor do I endorse the law professor Amy Chua’s pernicious “Tiger Mother” stereotype, which has set back Asian kids by attributing their successes to overzealous (and even pathological) parenting rather than individual effort.
Some educators, parents and students worry that if admissions are based purely on academic merit, selective universities will be dominated by whites and Asians and admit few blacks and Latinos, as a result of socioeconomic factors and an enduring test-score gap. We still need affirmative action for underrepresented groups, including blacks, Latinos, American Indians and Southeast Asian Americans and low-income students of all backgrounds.
But for white and Asian middle- and upper-income kids, the playing field should be equal. It is noteworthy that many high-achieving kids at selective public magnet schools are children of working-class immigrants, not well-educated professionals. Surnames like Kim, Singh and Wong should not trigger special scrutiny.
We want to fill our top universities with students of exceptional and wide-ranging talent, not just stellar test takers. But what worries me is the application of criteria like “individuality” and “uniqueness,” subjectively and unfairly, to the detriment of Asians, as happened to Jewish applicants in the past. I suspect that in too many college admissions offices, a white Intel Science Talent Search finalist who is a valedictorian and the concertmaster of her high school orchestra would stand out as exceptional, while an Asian-American with the same résumé (and socioeconomic background) would not.
The way we treat these children will influence the America we become. If our most renowned schools set implicit quotas for high-achieving Asian-Americans, we are sending a message to all students that hard work and good grades may be a fool’s errand.
Carolyn Chen is an associate professor of sociology and director of the Asian American Studies Program at Northwestern.
评论
谢谢楼主分享!
其实在有一些很多华裔移民的国家已在大学设有QUOTA怕清一色是华裔.
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LZ 有何建议和解决方案?
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D妈多做些调查,澳洲似乎也有此倾向。据悉,usyd的医学院,亚裔学生占的比例很小,小到难以置信的程度,跟的家长感觉很相背。
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很可悲
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谁让我们是少数民族呢。。。
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美国的犹太人不是通过抗议区别对待录取而终于获得平等待遇了吗?美国华人也应该为自己的孩子去LOBBY、请愿,发出自己的声音。
澳洲如果发生这种事,除了华人家长自己争取,还会有谁去替华人孩子争取?
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只能说亚裔过于关注自身而极少参与政治,因此在政治上很少有发言权。这也是中国普通人几千年来的文化传承,普通人参与政治,下场总是很悲惨,只能做炮灰。到了国外,第一代恐怕不可能立刻改变,只能看二三代了。
另外,中国人的不团结也是一个问题,以华人的财力,游说国会通过一些有利的法案应该是问题不大的,然而大多数人都是事不关己高高挂起,这个和我们自小的教育也有关,人文关怀缺失以及人与人的不信任都是原因。
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同意8楼。 美国黑人的社会地位在初次到达美国时是奴隶, 比华工要低很多。 但是现在呢?尽管对黑人的歧视依然存在, 但是与50年前已是天壤之别。 黑人对美国文化的贡献是不可比拟的: 音乐、文学作品、体育、政治,无所不在。 华人呢? 诺奖。中国的历史文化没有被海外华人移植到海外并且本土化,其原因大概在于华人太关注自己而忽略了自己和社会的关系, 所以造成了现在的局面。 我们的孩子,想学医学或者要考奖学金,付出的是大于白人几倍的努力。 因为对于亚裔和华裔固有观点的存在,我们的孩子必须是优秀学生中的皎皎者才能得到认可,而这批优秀学生又是我们的同胞。家长们看看,周围有几个school captain 是亚裔学生? 所以在讨论oc, selective 和补习学校的同时,家长顾及一下孩子的其他方面,希望这种状况能从我们这一代家长开始有所改观。
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非常同意8楼,9楼的, 但是中国人的传统,文化,思想根深蒂固, 改变是很难的。 这个问题不是现在才显露出来的。
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移民的悲哀啊
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移民的骄傲,
精英中学都快变成chinese school 了
也得给别人留点活路吧
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人家开始打压了
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白人都被吓跑了
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让他们去染色吧
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心虚着,染了色,也不顶用
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“实际能力”是指?
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老实说,我还真没想到华人孩子会这么差
我见过的华人高分孩子都是女孩,感觉很强大啊。不知道“实际能力”怎么样,反正就我们外人看来很厉害了。
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反正这个我不敢苟同,HSC靠99分的孩子,能力和90分-95分的西人孩子实际能力相当。靠90分的华人孩子,和考70分的西人孩子能力相当。
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很同意。
我觉得补习班就像吃药,吃完以后,很快就感觉病症消除,或者自己感觉特有精力,特别是男同志的壮阳药,更是短期效果明显。但这并不代表本身身体的强壮。而实际能力的提高却像通过平实锻炼身体,改善营养来整体提高自己的身体素质,很慢,短期效果也不明显,但实际上身体却是真正地强壮了。
现在还没有哪个考试系统能真正考出能力,所以大家都想通过补习班以提高考试成绩。
评论
文科的,大概就是critical thinking, team work, public speaking, communication之类的吧, 显然也是比西人稍逊一截吧,特别是‘讲’方面
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NBA球队为什么不平权呢?都是黑人占着
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不是好例子
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考试系统确实有问题,学习为成绩而不是发自内心的爱好,有些应付考试的知识多年不用就会忘记。
可是有什么办法可以不通过考试来选拔人才呢?
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同意。
critical/analytical thinking到了大学真是重要啊。
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