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题源网址：

http://www.newsweek.com/how-west-was-taught-67881

原文本：

How the West Was Taught

BY JOAN ACOCELLA ON 6/19/11 AT 1:00 AM EDT

Rosamond and Dorothy at Smith College.COURTESY OF SCRIBNER

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CULTURE

In 1916 two well-bred girls, best friends from Auburn, N.Y.—Dorothy Woodruff and Rosamond Underwood—traveled to a settlement in the Rocky Mountains to teach in a one-room schoolhouse. The girls had gone to Smith College. They wore Paris gowns. So for them to move to Elkhead, Colo.—which was basically just a sprinkling of cabins on a mountain ridge—to instruct children whose shoes were held together with string was a surprise, above all to their parents. Their stay in Elkhead is the subject of Nothing Daunted: The Unexpected Education of Two Society Girls in the West, by Dorothy Wickenden, who is the executive editor of The New Yorker and Dorothy Woodruff's granddaughter.

Why did they go? At 29, they were well on their way to spinsterhood, and if that was going to be their future, they wanted to devote it to something useful. Soon, however, they realized what they had undertaken. Before they left, the man who hired them wrote to them, \"If you have a .22 you had better bring it out.\"

They moved in with a local family, the Harrisons, and, like them, had little privacy, rare baths, a blanket of snow on their quilt when they woke up in the morning. Some mornings, Ros and Dorothy would arrive at the schoolhouse to find the children weeping from the cold. In spring, the snow was replaced by mud over ice—\"slick as snot,\" in the words of the townsfolk.

An unforgettable passage deals with the Christmas party that Ros and Dorothy organized at the school. The local mothers, gaunt and gray already in their youth, rolled their babies up in blankets and stowed them under the furniture to give themselves space to dance, or just to take in a little music, warmth, and cake. The settling of the West broke many people.

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Wickenden's book began as an article in The New Yorker, but for Nothing Daunted, she expanded on the history of the West—the gold rushes, the rout of the Indians, the Homestead Act—and also on feminism, which of course influenced the girls' decision to go to Elkhead. A hair-raising section concerns the building of the railroads, which entailed drilling through the Rockies, often in blinding snowstorms. A worker recalled that one day \"the big snowplow chewed up two or three of the Chinese. After that, they refused to go out and shovel, and I don't blame them.\"

The book ends on an elegiac note. Ros and Dorothy were in Elkhead for only a year. They would have stayed longer, Dorothy says, but they finally married, which feels like a comedown. Their joint engagement party in Auburn was described in a local paper as \"one of the most attractive of the afternoon functions ever held in this city\"—a far cry, in truth to life's circumstances, from the Elkhead Christmas party.

Wickenden is a very good storyteller, and bracingly unsentimental. The sweep of the land and the stoicism of the people move her to some beautiful writing. Here is a picture of Dorothy, on her horse, looking down from a ridge: \"When the sun slipped behind the mountains, it shed a rosy glow all around them. Then a full moon rose. The snow was marked only by the hieroglyphs of small animals: foxes, coyotes, mice, and varying hares, which turned white in the winter.\"

Acocella is the author of Willa Cather and The Politics of Criticism and dance critic for The New Yorker.

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题源网址：

http://www.thalesgroup.com/en/worldwide/transport/magazine/how-drones-will-change-future-railways#:~:text=That%20is%20the%20very%20likely,examine%20high%2Dvoltage%20electrical%20lines.

原文本：

HOW DRONES WILL CHANGE THE FUTURE OF RAILWAYS

11 NOV 2019

Can a small fleet of drones assure the safety and reliability of railways and, at the same time, help railway operators save billions of euros each year?

That is the very likely future of applying today’s ‘eyes in the sky’ capabilities of drones to making sure that the millions of kilometres of rail tracks and infrastructure worldwide are safe for train passengers and freight on a 24/7 basis.

“Drones are already being used to examine high-voltage electrical lines. They could do precisely the same thing to inspect railway catenary lines and other vital aspects of rail infrastructure such as, the alignment of tracks and switching points”, explains Pierre-Antoine Benatar, Marketing Manager for Thales’ Transportation Activities, “The more regularly they can be inspected, the more railway safety, reliability and on-time performance will be improved. Costs would be cut and operations would be more efficient across the board.”

“The more regularly railway infrastructures can be inspected, the more railway safety, reliability and on-time performance will be improved. Costs would be cut and operations would be more efficient across the board.” Pierre-Antoine Benatar, Marketing Manager for Thales’s Transportation Activities.

That includes huge savings in maintenance costs and better protection of railway personnel safety. It is estimated that European railways alone spend approximately 20 billion euros a year on maintenance, including sending maintenance staff, often at night, to inspect and repair the rail infrastructure. That can be dangerous work that could be avoided with drones assisting the crews’ efforts.

By integrating leading technologies of Thales including advanced optronics and infra-red sensors, drones could also start providing higher-value services for railways, detecting cracks in the rail or defects in switches, before they can cause any disruption or safety hazard.

To perform these tasks, drones for rail don’t need to be flying overhead. “We are currently working on the concept of rail bot, the rail drones of the future. They will be moving on the track ahead of the train, and programmed to run autonomously,” says Pierre-Antoine Benatar. Through connectivity and Artificial Intelligence, they could then send in real time the information and analysis of any anomalies they detect. “When undertaking infrastructure inspection, they can speed up the tasks and free-up valuable network slots for passenger and freight trains”.

“We are currently working on the concept of rail bots, the rail drones of the future. They will be moving on the track ahead of the train, and programmed to run autonomously,” Pierre-Antoine Benatar, Marketing Manager for Thales’s Transportation Activities.

But the true revolution will be to use these rail bots to help make the trains themselves more autonomous. Very small drones with advanced sensors and AI and traveling ahead of the train could guide it like a co-pilot. With their ability to see ahead, they could signal any problem or obstacle, including at road crossings, so that fast-moving trains would be able to react in time.

“Be it aerial or track-bound, drones could truly become a critical part of rail safety when operators move towards autonomy in the future, and Thales is ready”, explains Benatar, “and when you add our expertise in air and rail traffic management to our capabilities in optronics, sensors, and artificial intelligence, it is clear that we are the preferred partner for operators who want to assure the best for their rail networks’ future.”

“Be it aerial or track-bound, drones could truly become a critical part of rail safety when operators move towards autonomy in the future, and Thales is ready”, explains Pierre-Antoine Benatar, Marketing Manager for Thales’s Transportation Activities.

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题源网址：

http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2018/11/20/sugar-tax-making-half-much-money-government-expected/

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原文本：

Sugar tax making half as much as money as the Government expected

ByKatie Morley, CONSUMER AFFAIRS EDITOR20 November 2018 ? 6:06pm

It is estimated that today’s children and teenagers are consuming three times the recommended level of sugar, putting them at a higher risk of the disease CREDIT: PA

The Government's sugar tax on soft drinks has brought in half as much money as Ministers first predicted it would generate, the first official data on the policy has shown.

First announced by George Osborne in 2016, the levy which applies to soft drinks containing more than 5g of sugar per 100ml, was introduced to help reduce childhood obesity.

It is estimated that today’s children and teenagers are consuming three times the recommended level of sugar, putting them at a higher risk of the disease.

Initially the sugar tax was estimated to make ?520m a year for the Treasury, however data released by HMRC yesterday tracking its first six months, showed it is on track to make less than half this amount. At present it is expected to generate ?240m for the year ending in April 2019, which will go towards funding school sports.

It comes after after more than half of soft drinks sold in shops have had their sugar levels cut by manufacturers so they can avoid paying the tax. Drinks now contain 45 million fewer kilos of sugar as a result of manufacturers’ efforts to avoid the charge, according to Treasury figures. Exchequer Secretary to the Treasury, Robert Jenrick, said the less-than-expected level of sugar tax being paid into the Government's coffers represented a success story.

He said: “Today’s figures show the positive impact the soft drinks levy is having by raising millions of pounds for sports facilities and healthier eating in schools, as well as encouraging manufacturers to cut sugar in over half the drinks found in UK stores. “Helping our next generation to have a healthy and active childhood is a priority for us, and I’m pleased to see the industry is playing its part.”

Since April drinks companies have been forced to pay between 18p and 24p for every litre of sugary drink they produce or import, depending on the sugar content.

After being given two years to prepare for the change the makers of many drinks, including Iron Bru, San Pellegrino, as well as vast numbers of own brand drinks, decided to reformulate their recipies to avoid the tax.

However some high sugar brands, like Classic Coca Cola, have accepted the change and are refusing to reformulate for fear of upsetting consumers. As such the sugar tax has adding around 50p to the ticket price of a large Coke bottle, or 8p to that of a can.

Fruit juices, milk-based drinks and most alcoholic beverages are exempt, as are small companies manufacturing fewer than 1m litres per year.

完形填空

题源网址：

http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-3950698/Why-toddlers-REALLY-love-play-hide-seek-Young-brains-believe-really-invisible-hands.html

原文本：

Why toddlers love to play hide and seek: Young brains believe they really ARE invisible behind their hands

PUBLISHED: 18:30 BST, 18 November 2016 | UPDATED: 16:02 BST, 5 December 2016

Young children across the globe enjoy playing games of hide and seek.

There's something highly exciting for children about escaping someone else's glance and making oneself 'invisible.'

However, developmental psychologists and parents alike continue to witness that before school age, children are remarkably bad at hiding.

Curiously, they often cover only their face or eyes with their hands, leaving the rest of their bodies visibly exposed.

For a long time, this ineffective hiding strategy was interpreted as evidence that young children are hopelessly 'egocentric' creatures.

Psychologists theorized that preschool children cannot distinguish their own perspective from someone else's.

Conventional wisdom held that, unable to transcend their own viewpoint, children falsely assume that others see the world the same way they themselves do.

So psychologists assumed children 'hide' by covering their eyes because they conflate their own lack of vision with that of those around them.

But research in cognitive developmental psychology is starting to cast doubt on this notion of childhood egocentrism.

We brought young children between the ages of two and four into our Minds in Development Lab at USC so we could investigate this assumption.

Our surprising results contradict the idea that children's poor hiding skills reflect their allegedly egocentric nature.

Each child in our study sat down with an adult who covered her own eyes or ears with her hands.

We then asked the child whether or not she could see or hear the adult, respectively.

Surprisingly, children denied that they could.

The same thing happened when the adult covered her own mouth: Now children denied that they could speak to her.

A number of control experiments ruled out that the children were confused or misunderstood what they were being asked.

The results were clear: Our young subjects comprehended the questions and knew exactly what was asked of them.

Their negative responses reflected their genuine belief that the other person could not be seen, heard, or spoken to when her eyes, ears, or mouth were obstructed.

Despite the fact that the person in front of them was in plain view, they flatout denied being able to perceive her.

So what was going on?

It seems like young children consider mutual eye contact a requirement for one person to be able to see another.

Their thinking appears to run along the lines of 'I can see you only if you can see me, too' and vice versa.

Our findings suggest that when a child 'hides' by putting a blanket over her head, this strategy is not a result of egocentrism.

In fact, children deem this strategy effective when others use it.

Built into their notion of visibility, then, is the idea of bidirectionality: Unless two people make eye contact, it is impossible for one to see the other.

Contrary to egocentrism, young children simply insist on mutual recognition and regard.

Children's demand of reciprocity demonstrates that they are not at all egocentric.

Not only can preschoolers imagine the world as seen from another's point of view; they even apply this capacity in situations where it's unnecessary or leads to wrong judgments, such as when they are asked to report their own perception.

These faulty judgments – saying that others whose eyes are covered cannot be seen – reveal just how much children's perception of the world is colored by others.

The seemingly irrational way in which children try to hide from others and the negative answers they gave in our experiment show that children feel unable to relate to a person unless the communication flows both ways – not only from me to you but also from you to me, so we can communicate with each other as equals.

We are planning to investigate children's hiding behavior directly in the lab and test if kids who are bad at hiding show more reciprocity in play and conversation than those who hide more skillfully.

We would also like to conduct these experiments with children who show an atypical trajectory in their early development.

Our findings underscore children's natural desire and preference for reciprocity and mutual engagement between individuals.

Children expect and strive to create situations in which they can be reciprocally involved with others.

They want to encounter people who are not only looked at but who can return another's gaze; people who not only listen but are also heard; and people who are not just spoken to but who can reply and thus enter a mutual dialogue.

At least in this respect, young children understand and treat other human beings in a manner that is not at all egocentric.

On the contrary, their insistence on mutual regard is remarkably mature and can be considered inspirational.

Adults may want to turn to these preschoolers as role models when it comes to perceiving and relating to other humans.

These young children seem exquisitely aware that we all share a common nature as people who are in constant interaction with others.

七选五

题源网址：

http://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2019/apr/21/five-ways-to-maintain-long-distance-friendships

原文本：

Five ways to maintain long-distance friendships

Whether you are the one who has left, or the one who has been left behind, your friendship will need care and attention to keep it in good health

Finding a time that works for both friends can alleviate the pressure of busy schedules and clashing time zones. Photograph: Daniel Ernst/Alamy Stock Photo

Erin Cavoto

Sun 21 Apr 2019 15.00 BST

Set a regular date

A 2008 study found that long-lasting friendships share the characteristic of reciprocity, meaning that both sides equally contact and share with one another. With busy schedules and clashing time zones, squeezing in long-distance phone calls can be a challenge. Finding a time that works for both of you and sticking to it can alleviate this pressure: maybe your commute to work is the best time to ring, or texting a Bake Off recap once a week will do the trick.

More isn’t always merrier

Instead of defaulting to catching up by phone calls or texts, make sure you have communicated with your friend about what method works best for you both. “Friends need to talk about their preferred methods of communication,” says Dr Irene S Levine, a psychologist and friendship expert. Levine also stresses the importance of talking about how frequently each friend wants to be contacted. There are alternatives to constant written communication, such as leaving voice memos or having a group chat dedicated to funny photos and memes. A 2018 study found that friends have the same neural responses to videos, so sharing visuals might do just as much to maintain your bond as asking: “How are you?”

The heady intensity of platonic love between women in their 20s

Eva Wiseman

Read more

Practise empathy

You may be the friend who left or the one who was left behind; parties in a long-distance friendship will have different hurdles to overcome. “The friend who is remaining needs to be sensitive to all the additional time demands placed on the friend who has moved,” says Levine; the one in the new context should be sympathetic to the fact that their friend may feel abandoned. Acknowledging the struggles each friend faces will lead to better communication and understanding. “It’s also helpful for both friends to offer each other assurance that the friendship is a keeper,” says Levine.

Remember important dates

Anniversaries and birthdays carry even more weight in long-distance friendships. Alhough technology might make day-to-day communication possible, on special occasions, extra effort goes a long way. In an Ofcom survey from 2015, sending a birthday card remained the most popular way to send a birthday greeting. Simply keeping a diary that keeps track of friends’ birthdays and other important dates will make sure nothing slips by you (just remember to account for last posting dates for international delivery at Christmas and other key times).

Don’t rely on technology alone

It is easy to have a sense of connectedness through social media, but long-distance friendships – even close ones – may require more conscious effort to maintain. Prof Jeffrey A Hall, associate professor of communication studies at the University of Kansas, advises seeking out opportunities for “friendship renewal” through to spending face-to-face time together whenever possible. “Making an effort, as well as posting, is what keeps a long-distance friendship intact,” he says.

语法填空

题源网址：

http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202005/21/WS5ec64b5ba310a8b241157637.html

原文本：

China celebrates first International Tea Day

chinadaily.com.cn | Updated: 2020-05-21 17:35

May 21 this year marks the first International Tea Day, which was designated by the UN on Nov 27, 2019.

As a large producer of tea in the world, China began tea consuming about 5,000 years ago and is a home to a variety of teas.

To celebrate the festival, a series of events took place at the Chinese Businessman Museum in Beijing on Thursday.

Guided by the China NGO Network for International Exchange, the event was jointly launched by the China Culture Promotion Society, the Tea Road (China) Cooperative (TRC) and the China Chamber of Commerce of I/E of Foodstuffs, Native Produce and Animal By-products (CFNA). It also received support from about 50 embassies and tea-related organizations, including the Mongolian Embassy in China, China Tea Science Society, European Tea Association and 30 cities at home and abroad, such as Moscow and Melbourne.

The FAO Intergovernmental Group on Tea delivered congratulations to the event and praised the organizers' efforts to promote the tea industry development between countries and regions.

Wang Shi, chairman of the China Culture Promotion Society, addressed the opening ceremony.

\"As a main promoter of the International Tea Day, the birthplace of tea and the largest tea-producing country, China has a responsibility to work with peers in the world to promote the healthy and sustainable development of the tea industry and exchange of tea culture. It can help to build a community of shared future for mankind,\" Wang said.

At the ceremony, TRC's executive chairman Guo Jie issued the \"First International Tea Day Tea Road Cooperative (Beijing) Initiative\" on behalf of the organizer at the ceremony. The initiative calls for people working in the tea industry to come together to uphold the purpose of International Tea Day, and promote international cooperation and cultural exchanges for a better life in the future.

Cao Derong, president of CFNA, responded positively to the initiative and said the process of integrating Chinese tea with the international market will be accelerated, with more help provided to the tea industry in developing countries.

A four-year tea promotion -- International Tea Day Tea Road Cooperative Plan -- was also launched at the ceremony in response to the initiative. The plan includes the Tea Road Cooperative's Tea Farmer Support Program, and China-Mongolia-Russia Tea Road Cooperative City Cooperation Conference. The plan aims to promote China's tea industry's new development and international cooperation. Many cities in China, Russia and Australia have joined the plan.

To strengthen the connection with the youngsters and promote tea among young people, the event included a series of public promotional activities on social media, such as Weibo and TikTok, inviting 29 tea professionals from around the world to have 36 hours of uninterrupted live broadcasts, launching interactive topics such as \"International Tea Day, Please Drink This Cup of Tea\".

The Chinese Ancient Tea Museum, located on the banks of the Tonghui River in Beijing, was officially unveiled at the ceremony, opening its first exhibition: The Avenue of Truth: A Special Exhibition of Pu'er Tea in the Collection.

The launch ceremony of the event was also set up on the same day in Yichang in Hubei province, Pu'er in Yunnan province, Inner Mongolia, Melbourne and several other places.

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